There are more than 100 different types of tumors that can start in
the spinal cord and brain. The tumors, which may be cancerous
(malignant) or non-cancerous (benign), can interrupt numerous normal
activities such as thinking, feeling, moving, and even breathing.
Doctors may know the types of tumors, but they don’t yet know the
risk factors for them. “Some brain tumors occur as a result of a known
genetic condition, such as neurofibromatosis [in which nerve tissues
grow tumors], but these represent less than 5 percent of all brain
tumors in adults as well as children,” says Andrew Sloan, MD, director
of the Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center at University Hospitals
Case Medical Center in Cleveland. “We aren’t sure what causes the other
95 percent, but there are several new trials designed to give us much
more data on risk factors than ever before.”
One study, called
Gliogene,
is gathering information from patients and family members around the
world to help determine whether there are genes related to a kind of
primary brain tumor called a glioma. A glioma is the most common type of
brain tumor. These tumors form from nerve cells called glial cells.
These cells form the brain’s supportive tissue.
Gliogene’s goal is to examine tumor samples and blood from about
15,000 people who either have a brain tumor or have a relative who has
one. If a genetic link can be identified, it may lead to better
brain tumor treatment
and preventive strategies in the future. The study involves research
teams in the United States, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Denmark, and
Israel.
Brain Tumor: Are You at Risk?
There are some known risk factors for developing a spinal cord or
brain tumor. But keep in mind that having a risk factor doesn’t mean
you’ll get sick — and not having one is no guarantee that you won’t.
The risk of brain tumor may be influenced by these factors:
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Gender. Spinal cord and brain tumors happen more
frequently in males than in females, except for meningiomas, which occur
more often in females. A meningioma is a type of tumor that grows in
the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
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Race. Caucasians get brain tumors more often than people of other races.
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Age. In general, brain tumors are most often
found in adults aged 70 or older. However, children do get brain tumors.
They are more common in children who are under 8 years old.
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Family history. If a family member has a glioma, you are more likely to get one.
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Radiation. Studies have found that people who
work in the nuclear industry are at increased risk for brain tumors.
Also, if you were treated with radiation therapy in the past, either to
the head or brain, you may be at a higher risk for meningioma.
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Formaldehyde. Studies show that certain workers
who are exposed to formaldehyde are at an increased risk for brain
cancer. These include pathologists and embalmers. But people in other
kinds of careers that involve exposure to formaldehyde have not been
found to be at higher risk.
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Vinyl chloride. Being exposed to this chemical, which is used in the making of plastics, may increase a person's risk of getting a brain tumor.
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Acrylonitrile. Exposure to this material, used in making textiles and plastics, may also be a risk factor.
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Genetic disorders. Having a genetic disorder can
increase the chances of having the different kinds of brain tumors,
including: Neurofibromatosis (type 1 and type 2), Von Hippel-Lindau
disease, tuberous sclerosis, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Turcot syndrome (type
1 and type 2), Klinefelter syndrome, Nevoid basal cell carcinoma
syndrome.
Having the Epstein-Barr virus or AIDS, or having an organ transplant may increase a person's risk of central nervous system
lymphoma.
Some studies have raised the question of whether
using a cell phone increases brain tumor risk,
but there are no proven associations so far. “The biggest risk of cell
phone use is being in a car accident,” Dr. Sloan says. “If you are on
the phone while driving, there is known to be a four-fold increased
risk.”
If you are concerned that you may be at risk for spinal cord or
brain tumors, talk with your doctor. Together, you can look at your
medical history, talk about the possible risk factors, and determine a
course of action.